浅谈阅读中的基本逻辑关系

同学们，大家好！今天我们一起来聊聊各类考试中语言的逻辑关系。

要把握语言中的逻辑关系，首先要搞清楚语言是的概念。从本质上讲，语言是内容词和内容词中的思想的相互作用。

在英语中，在句子中连接思想和建立各种关系的主要操作符如下:1.介词（The prepositions）2.连词（The conjunctions）3.连接副词（The conjunctive adverbs）。

A 语言中的六种基本逻辑关系

附加关系

1.附加关系(The additive relationship)—在一个陈述中添加类似于已经给出的信息。

比较关系

2.比较关系(The comparative relationship)—呈现一个与前一个不同的想法，或者强调两个事物或想法之间的差异而不是相似性。

时间或时间关系

3.时间或时间关系(The temporal or time relationship)—当两个或多个事件在时间上发生时，建立顺序、持续时间或可感知的直接性。

因果或原因

4.因果或原因-结果关系(The causal or reason-result relationship)—建立一个特定的事实、事件或发展作为一个特定的结果或情况的原因或结果。

条件关系

5.条件关系(The conditional relationship)—建立一个想法的真理或正确性依赖于一个特定的条件或一组条件，或者可以期望一个特定的结果作为另一个条件或事件的结果。

例子关系

6.例子关系(The example relationship)—对正在谈论的事情给出具体的例子。

那么我们如何在语言中建立这些逻辑关系呢?尤其是在英语中，我们用什么作为工具来组合句子、句子之间和段落之间的思想?

B 在句子中组合观点的工具

1.介词-功能词，通常与名词短语结合，形成一个短语，通常表达一个想法的修改或谓语。例如介词“in”“at”“on”“to”“since”“after”。作为连接词，介词必须附加在名词短语上，以便我们在造句时适当地修饰或阐述它。

2.连接词——连接句子、从句、短语或单词并在它们之间建立逻辑关系的功能词。

它们有两种:(a)并列连词——连接两个或两个以上语法级别相同的词组的虚词。通常，它连接独立从句形成复合句，或连接并列句元素。

并列连词有:“for”、“and”、“nor”、“but”、“or”、“yet”和“so”。它们是连接独立子句并在它们之间建立理想逻辑关系的基本连接词。当两个独立的从句用并列连词连接时，就形成了复合句。

(b)从属连词——一个引入从属句和主句的功能词，创建一个复杂的句子。

有四组从属关联词可以将从属分句与独立分句连接起来:

(1) 表示时间的从属连词例如:" before "， " after "， " during "

    Usage: “You need to digest your dinner before you go to sleep.”

Usage: “After all his efforts to deliver the pizza, the customer rejected it for being an hour late.”

Usage: “She just sat there during all that time that we were so busy attending to the customers.”

(2) 表示因果关系的从属连词例如:" until "， " if "， " because "

Usage: “The strangers continued pushing the woman’s car until its engine finally started.”

Usage: “I don’t think you’d pass the entrance exam if you don’t do a general review at all.”

Usage: “We won’t be able to go to the movies tonight because this horrendous rain just won’t stop.

(3) 表示对立和对比的从属连词例如:" though "， " as though "， " although "

Usage: “The singer lost the contest though she was the crowd favorite.”

Usage: “I want you to act as though nothing happened between us tonight.”

Usage: “Although she complies with all the traffic rules, she often gets flagged down by police for this and that violation.”

(4) 条件从属连词例如:" if， " " if only， " " as long as "

Usage: “You can still catch the train if you run along now.”

Usage: “She could have finished college if only she had persevered enough.”

Usage: “As long as she’s the general manager, I don’t think you have a chance of getting promoted.

3.连接副词-它的功能与并列连接词在本质上是相同的，即在逻辑上连接两个独立的、语法上相等的从句。然而，连接副词提供了一个更明确和有力的过渡比其同等的协调连接。例如:" moreover "， " therefore "， " however "

Usage: “Their monthly sales is poor; morever, their collection efficiency is way below par.”

Usage: “They always clash regarding policy; therefore, it is best to assign them to different departments.”

Usage: “Her grasp of English is superb; however, her math leaves a lot to be desired.”

以上是关于常见逻辑关系的一些分享，大家今后在阅读过程中可以好好去体会。